Amaphuzu Ayisishiyagalolunye Abalulekile Okwakhiwa Nokwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo Zefekthri Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Izakhiwo zefektri yesakhiwo sensimbiziye zaqashelwa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela bezokwakha ngenxa yokuthi ziyashesha ukuzakha, zilula ngesisindo somuntu siqu, zinokusebenza okuhle kokuzamazama komhlaba, futhi azivumelani nemvelo. Ekuklanyweni kwezakhiwo zezimboni, kancane kancane baye bashintsha isakhiwo sekhonkrithi esiqinisiwe.

Izakhiwo zensimbi azizange zisetshenziswe eShayina isikhathi eside, futhi ukwakhiwa kwazo okuningiliziwe nezindlela zokwakha zisathuthukiswa. Nakuba izakhiwo zezimboni zensimbi zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, insimbi njengempahla nayo inezihibe—ngokwesibonelo, ukumelana nomlilo okungekuhle nokuthambekela kokugqwala. Lezi zici kufanele zicatshangelwe phakathi kokubili kokuklama nezigaba zokwakha.

I. Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zefekthri Yesakhiwo Sensimbi

Njengoba kushiwo esifingqini, izinzuzo eziyinhloko zeisakhiwo sensimbi izakhiwo zezimbonizimi kanje. Okokuqala, ngokwejubane lokwakha: izingxenye zensimbi zingakhiqizwa ngobuningi embonini; ukwakhiwa kulula futhi ukumiswa kuyashesha, okunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokwakha. Okwesibili, ngokwesisindo somzimba: isisindo sesakhiwo sesakhiwo singancishiswa cishe ngama-30%; lokhu konga kakhulu kumasayithi anesisekelo esiphansi somthamo noma ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-seismic fortification, lapho umnotho uwonke ungcono kunalowo wezinhlelo zesakhiwo esiqinile esiqinile. Okokugcina, mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo: izakhiwo zensimbi ziyingxenye yomndeni wezinhlelo zokwakha eziluhlaza ezi-eco-friendly; insimbi ngokwayo iyimpahla enamandla, esebenza kahle kakhulu enenani eliphezulu lokugaywa kabusha, futhi ayidingi i-formwork ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa.

II. Ukubaluleka Komklamo Wokudweba

Imidwebo iyisisekelo sokwakhiwa kunoma iyiphi iphrojekthi. Phakathi nesigaba sokuklama kwesakhiwo sezimboni sesakhiwo sensimbi, ochwepheshe abangochwepheshe beyunithi yokwakha kufanele bahlelwe ukuze benze ukubuyekezwa komdwebo okuhlanganyelwe, babheke imidwebo “amaphutha, okushiyelwe, ukungqubuzana, nokushiyeka” ukuze izinkinga zixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwakhiwa kanye nomthelela wezinkinga zokudweba kwikhwalithi neshejuli ugcinwe umncane. Ngephrojekthi yesakhiwo sensimbi, imiklamo yenhlangano yokwakha ehlukene kufanele ilungiselelwe isiteji sokwenza kanye nesiteji sokumisa; idokhumenti yenqubo yokwenziwa kufanele ihlanganise izindinganiso zekhwalithi kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zenqubo ngayinye kanye nento encane esigabeni sokwenziwa, kanye nezinyathelo ezithile ezikhethiwe zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

III. Izimiso Zokuklama Zohlelo Lokubopha

Ukuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwendawo yesakhiwo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kwaso kukonke, ukumelana nokudlulisa amandla avundlile esikhathi eside, ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwamalungu, ukugwema ukunqwabelana kwamalungu okucindezela, nokuqinisekisa ukusimama okuphelele kwesakhiwo, uhlelo oluthembekile lokubopha kufanele luhlelwe ngokuvumelana nesakhiwo sesakhiwo, isakhiwo se-crane, imishini yokudlidliza, indawo yokusebenzela, ubude bendawo kanye nobude bendawo yokusebenzela kanye nobude bendawo yokusebenzela. Indawo ngayinye yezinga lokushisa kufanele ihlinzekwe ngohlelo oluzinzile lwe-inter-column bracing, oluhlelwe ngokuhambisana ne-roof lateral bracing evundlile. Ukuma kwe-bracing yekholomu ephansi kuyisici esiyinhloko esinquma isiqondiso se-longitudinal deformation futhi sithinta inani lokucindezeleka okushisayo; i-bracing yekholomu ephansi kufanele ibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka maphakathi nendawo yezinga lokushisa, ukuze amalungu e-longitudinal njengemishayo ye-crane akwazi ukunwebeka futhi anciphe ngokukhululekile emikhawulweni yomibili njengoba izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Uma indawo yezinga lokushisa iyimfushane, isethi eyodwa yokuhlanganisa ikholomu ephansi ngokuvamile ibekwa phakathi nendawo. Kodwa-ke, uma indawo yezinga lokushisa ingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-150, amasethi amabili okuqinisa ikholomu ephansi kufanele afakwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kwe-longitudinal; kufanele zibekwe phakathi kwengxenye yesithathu emaphakathi yendawo yokushisa ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ibanga eliphakathi nendawo kuya enkabeni phakathi kwamasethi amabili akufanele lidlule amamitha angama-72, ukuze kugwenywe ukucindezeleka okushisayo okudlulele.

IV. Amaphuzu Abalulekile Edizayini Ye-Seismic

Lapho kwenziwa umklamo wokuzamazama komhlaba wesakhiwo sezimboni sesakhiwo sensimbi, amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele aqashelwe. Okokuqala, ngokuphathelene nokuhlelwa okujwayelekile, ubukhulu nokuqina kwesakhiwo kufanele kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ukuze isakhiwo silayishwe ngokufanayo futhi siguqule ngendlela ehlelekile; ukuqina okungalingani kufanele kugwenywe, ngoba kunomphumela ongemuhle ekusebenzeni kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngesakhiwo esiphambene, uhlaka oluqinile, noma uhlaka lapho i-truss yophahla ixhunywe ngokuqinile kumakholomu, kufanele yamukelwe, ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele ukusebenza okuthwala umthwalo wensimbi futhi kunciphise ukuguquguquka okuphambene. Okwesibili, izakhiwo zesakhiwo sensimbi ngokuvamile ziyahluleka hhayi ngenxa yokuthi amandla amalungu enganele, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi amalungu ayabopha; ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokubopha oluhlelwe kahle oluqinisekisa ukuzinza okuphelele kwesakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngaphansi kwesenzo sokuzamazama komhlaba, ukukhathala komjikelezo ophansi kwenzeka, futhi umphumela wako esakhiweni kufanele ucatshangelwe ekuklanyweni. Ukuklanywa kokuxhumana kwesakhiwo kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi ukwehluleka ngokuhlanganyela akwenzeki ngaphambi kokuba amalungu esakhiwo athole ingxenye ephelele; amalungu kufanele avunyelwe ukungena esiteji sepulasitiki ukuze akwazi ukumunca ngokugcwele amandla e-seismic futhi athuthukise umthamo wawo wokuzamazama komhlaba.

V. Ukubaluleka Komklamo Wokumelana Nokushisa Nokumelana Nomlilo

Isakhiwo sensimbi izakhiwo zezimboniube nokungazweli kahle komlilo. Uma insimbi ishisiswe ngaphezu kuka-100 ° C, amandla ayo aqinile ayancipha futhi ipulasitiki yayo iyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Cishe ku-250 °C, amandla ensimbi aqinile akhuphuka kancane ngenkathi ubucwebe bayo buncipha—into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-blue brittleness. Ngaphezu kuka-250 ° C, insimbi iqala ukukhasa. Cishe ku-500 °C, amandla ensimbi ehla kakhulu kangangokuthi isakhiwo sensimbi singadilika. Ngakho-ke, noma nini lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lesakhiwo sensimbi lidlula i-150 ° C, ukufakwa kwe-thermal kanye nomklamo wokuvikela umlilo kufanele kuhlinzekwe (ngokuvamile kufinyelelwa ngokufaka izinto ezimelana nokushisa, ezivikela umlilo).

Ekwakhiweni kweisakhiwo sensimbi izakhiwo zezimboni, kuphakama izinkinga eziningi ezingokoqobo; lapha sihlaziya kuphela ezivelele kakhulu.

VI. Ukushumeka Amabhawodi Asezikhonkwane Ngesikhathi Sokwakha

Kungashiwo ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-anchor bolts afakwe ngokuqinile ayisisekelo ekuzinzeni kwesakhiwo sensimbi isakhiwo sezimboni. Ukunemba kwama-bolts we-anchor kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuma kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Amabhawodi okusetshenzwa kulengwa kufanele ashunyekwe ngokunemba okuqinile: ukuchezuka kwe-eksisi ±2.0 mm, nokuphakama ±5.0 mm. Ngaphambi kokufaka amabhawodi okusetshenzwa kwekholomu, phrojusa yonke i-eksisi yenethiwekhi yokulawula evundlile endaweni engaphezulu yesisekelo sekholomu bese uvala iluphu, ukuze uqinisekise ukunemba kokufakwa kwamabhawodi; bese uphawula emaphethelweni angaphandle amakholomu ngokwezimbazo. Uma ifreyimu yokusekela (ukudubula) yamabhawodi ehange ekholomu isimisiwe, dlulisela ukuphakama okudingekayo kuhlaka lweshubhu yensimbi. 

VII. Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Ngesikhathi Sokuphakanyiswa

Izinyathelo zokuphepha eziyinhloko zimi kanje. Okokuqala, phawula imigqa ephakathi nendawo ku-base plate yonyawo lwekholomu kanye nemigqa emaphakathi yamabholiti okusetshenzwa kulengwa, futhi uhlanze izimbobo zokugunda esisekelweni sekholomu; ngemva kokuba ikholomu yensimbi isendaweni, lungisa ukuphakama kwayo futhi uqinise amantongomane. Okwesibili, ngemva kokuba amakholomu ensimbi endaweni eyodwa akhiwe, faka izintambo zokubopha (amalungu axhumayo), ukuze uqinisekise ukuzinza okuphelele kwamakholomu futhi uwavimbele ekukhubazekeni lapho izinsimbi zensimbi ziphakanyiswa. Ekugcineni, phakamisa imishayo yensimbi: xhuma amapheya emishayo phakathi komoya futhi wenze ukuqiniswa kokuqala kwamabhawodi anamandla aphezulu; ugongolo lokuqala kufanele luqiniswe ngezintambo ezine zensizwa ukuze luvimbele ukuthi lungatsheli ohlangothini olulodwa.

VIII. Ubunzima bokufaka i-Crane Beam System

Ngesikhathi sokwakha, imishayo ye-crane kufanele ifakwe ngokuqinile ukusuka echwebeni eliboshwe ngekholomu, ngokuhambisana nemininingwane. Uma i-inter-colum bracing ifakiwe futhi ixhunyiwe, yenza iyunithi yokuqina kwendawo ezinzile; ukufaka kusuka kuleli chweba kuphephe kakhudlwana futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kwemishayo ye-crane akuthinti ukuma kwamakholomu. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, amapuleti e-shim kufanele abekwe ngaphansi kwemishayo ye-crane ngokuphambuka okukhulu kwesigaba sokuphela; lawa mashimu kufanele ashiselwe endaweni ngemva kokuba uhlelo lwe-crane beam selulungisiwe, futhi imishayo kufanele iqondaniswe ngokunembile ngokumelene nemigqa yokuma esethiwe ngaphambili. Isistimu yokubhuleka kufanele ixhunywe ngokusemthethweni kuphela ngemva kokuba imishayo ye-crane isilungisiwe futhi yalungiswa. Lapho i-brake plate ixhunywe ku-crane beam ngama-bolts anamandla aphezulu kanye ne-truss eyisizayo ngokushisela, ukulandelana kuyabaluleka: qala uxhume ipuleti le-brake ku-crane beam ngama-bolts aphezulu futhi wenze ukuqinisa kokuqala; bese ulungisa i-axiliary truss, i-tack-weld yona ku-brake plate, futhi wenze ukuqinisa kokugcina kwamabhawodi anamandla amakhulu; ekugcineni, shisela ipuleti lebhuleki ku-truss eyisizayo. Kokubili ukuqiniswa kwamabhawodi anamandla aphezulu kanye nokushiselwa kwepuleti lamabhuleki kufanele kuqhubeke ukusuka maphakathi nepuleti ngalinye kuye kumaphethelo womabili, ukuze kwehliswe ingcindezi yangaphakathi epuletini.

IX. Ukupakishwa Kwezinsimbi Zensimbi

Ukwenza ukumiswa kube lula, izingxenye zensimbi kufanele zipakishwe ngendlela efanele ngemva kokufika esizeni. Izimiso yilezi: izingxenye ezidingeka ngokushesha ukuze kumiswe kufanele zipakishwe ngokuqondile esizeni, kulandele ukulandelana kokuphakanyiswa—lezo ezizokhushulwa kuqala ziye phezulu, futhi lezo ezizophakanyiswa kamuva zibe ngaphansi; izingxenye ezingadingeki ngokushesha kufanele zigcinwe okwesikhashana ngaphandle kwesayithi. Lapho unqwabelanisa, gcina amakholomu nemishayo ehlukene, futhi uwabeke nge-eksisi. Igceke lokugcina kufanele liphathwe izisebenzi eziqokiwe; izingxenye kufanele zibalwe ngokumelene nezidingo zokuhlinzekwa kanye nohlu lokudiliva, futhi amarekhodi kufanele afakwe. Amalungu e-H-section kumele agcinwe eqondile, angalokothi abe flat. Ingxenye ngayinye kufanele isekelwe okungenani ngamaphuzu amabili; amaphuzu okusekela kufanele abekwe cishe endaweni eyodwa-yesikhombisa ye-span ukusuka ekugcineni kwamalungu. Uma unqwabelanisa ngezingqimba, akuvunyelwe izendlalelo ezingaphezu kwezintathu; amabhulokhi ezingodo kufanele abekwe ngendlela efanele phakathi kwezingqimba ukuze agcine esezingeni, futhi amaphuzu okusekela kufanele aqondaniswe ngokuqondile.